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网站seo哪家公司好,西青seo,wordpress的文章url层级太深,广西玉林建设厅官方网站概述 ext4为了尽量避免block管理的碎片化有如此措施： 1.mballoc多块分配器。 buddy算法管理每个block group采用prellocation机制，氛围per-cpu local preallocation和per inode preallocation 小文件和大文件采用不同的策略小文件（具体怎么…

概述

ext4为了尽量避免block管理的碎片化有如此措施：

1.mballoc多块分配器。

buddy算法管理每个block group
采用prellocation机制，氛围per-cpu local preallocation和per inode preallocation
- 小文件和大文件采用不同的策略
- 小文件（具体怎么算小文件可配置）尽量保持在一起，默认应该是512 blocks的一块区域, 采用的是per_cpu locality group，为每个cpu都配置这么一块存放小文件的区域。
- 大文件采用per-inode preallocation方式。
block分配时，会比请求的分配数量更多，多余的空间会放入preallocation space，这样给write多留些空间，避免concurrent write时候碎片化。
计算目标goal phsycial block，尽量保持块分配的连续性。

2.delay allocation。

delay allocation可以尽可能将连续的申请组织成extent，配置mballoc一次分配连续的多个phsycial block，降低cpu使用率/碎片化。

3.data block优先和其inode在同一个block group中

4.磁盘分成128M的block group

5.同一个目录下的inode优先保存期该目录所在的block group（具体源码在哪里尚未找到，不太确认ext4是否实现）

6.defrag反碎片化工具。

ext4_mb_new_blocks

ext4 mballoc执行phsycial block分配的入口点是ext4_mb_new_blocks:


/** Main entry point into mballoc to allocate blocks* it tries to use preallocation first, then falls back* to usual allocation*/
ext4_fsblk_t ext4_mb_new_blocks(handle_t *handle,struct ext4_allocation_request *ar, int *errp)
{struct ext4_allocation_context *ac = NULL;struct ext4_sb_info *sbi;struct super_block *sb;ext4_fsblk_t block = 0;unsigned int inquota = 0;unsigned int reserv_clstrs = 0;u64 seq;might_sleep();sb = ar->inode->i_sb;sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);trace_ext4_request_blocks(ar);.../*主要是检查是否有足够的空间满足分配*///创建一个allocation contextac = kmem_cache_zalloc(ext4_ac_cachep, GFP_NOFS);if (!ac) {ar->len = 0;*errp = -ENOMEM;goto out;}//初始化context*errp = ext4_mb_initialize_context(ac, ar);if (*errp) {ar->len = 0;goto out;}ac->ac_op = EXT4_MB_HISTORY_PREALLOC;seq = this_cpu_read(discard_pa_seq);//优先使用prellcation space分配if (!ext4_mb_use_preallocated(ac)) {ac->ac_op = EXT4_MB_HISTORY_ALLOC;//所谓规范化本质是分配比请求量更大的空间ext4_mb_normalize_request(ac, ar);//初始化ac->pa*errp = ext4_mb_pa_alloc(ac);if (*errp)goto errout;
repeat:/* allocate space in core *///预分配失败，进入常规的分配逻辑*errp = ext4_mb_regular_allocator(ac);/** pa allocated above is added to grp->bb_prealloc_list only* when we were able to allocate some block i.e. when* ac->ac_status == AC_STATUS_FOUND.* And error from above mean ac->ac_status != AC_STATUS_FOUND* So we have to free this pa here itself.*/if (*errp) {ext4_mb_pa_free(ac);ext4_discard_allocated_blocks(ac);goto errout;}if (ac->ac_status == AC_STATUS_FOUND &&ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len >= ac->ac_f_ex.fe_len)ext4_mb_pa_free(ac);}if (likely(ac->ac_status == AC_STATUS_FOUND)) {*errp = ext4_mb_mark_diskspace_used(ac, handle, reserv_clstrs);if (*errp) {ext4_discard_allocated_blocks(ac);goto errout;} else {block = ext4_grp_offs_to_block(sb, &ac->ac_b_ex);ar->len = ac->ac_b_ex.fe_len;}} else {if (ext4_mb_discard_preallocations_should_retry(sb, ac, &seq))goto repeat;/** If block allocation fails then the pa allocated above* needs to be freed here itself.*/ext4_mb_pa_free(ac);*errp = -ENOSPC;}...return block;
}

ext4_allocation_context结构体


struct ext4_allocation_context {struct inode *ac_inode;struct super_block *ac_sb;/* original request */struct ext4_free_extent ac_o_ex;/* goal request (normalized ac_o_ex) */struct ext4_free_extent ac_g_ex;/* the best found extent */struct ext4_free_extent ac_b_ex;/* copy of the best found extent taken before preallocation efforts */struct ext4_free_extent ac_f_ex;__u16 ac_groups_scanned;__u16 ac_found;__u16 ac_tail;__u16 ac_buddy;__u16 ac_flags;		/* allocation hints */__u8 ac_status;__u8 ac_criteria;__u8 ac_2order;		/* if request is to allocate 2^N blocks and* N > 0, the field stores N, otherwise 0 */__u8 ac_op;		/* operation, for history only */struct page *ac_bitmap_page;struct page *ac_buddy_page;struct ext4_prealloc_space *ac_pa;struct ext4_locality_group *ac_lg;
};

上面注释写的非常清晰:

ac_o_ex: 原始请求

ac_g_ex：目标请求，可以跟ac_o_ex不同，比如如注释中说明，ac_g_ex是ac_o_ex经过normalized（对应mballoc::ext4_mb_normalize_request函数处理之后即为ac_g_ex)的结果，ac_b_ex：最终的分配结果，因为ac_g_ex未必能被100%满足

ac_f_ex: ac_b_ex的一份拷贝。

ac_2order: 申请物理block数量如果正好是2的N次方，那么ac_2order = N，否则为0

ac_bitmap_page/ac_buddy_page: 跟mballoc相关的bit位信息，参考ext4 mballoc之buddy算法_nginux的博客-CSDN博客

ac_pa: per-inode预分配

ac_lg: per-cpu预分配，给小文件准备的。

ext4_mb_initialize_context函数


static noinline_for_stack int
ext4_mb_initialize_context(struct ext4_allocation_context *ac,struct ext4_allocation_request *ar)
{struct super_block *sb = ar->inode->i_sb;struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);struct ext4_super_block *es = sbi->s_es;ext4_group_t group;unsigned int len;ext4_fsblk_t goal;ext4_grpblk_t block;/* we can't allocate > group size */len = ar->len;/* just a dirty hack to filter too big requests  */if (len >= EXT4_CLUSTERS_PER_GROUP(sb))len = EXT4_CLUSTERS_PER_GROUP(sb);/* start searching from the goal */goal = ar->goal;if (goal < le32_to_cpu(es->s_first_data_block) ||goal >= ext4_blocks_count(es))goal = le32_to_cpu(es->s_first_data_block);ext4_get_group_no_and_offset(sb, goal, &group, &block);/* set up allocation goals */ac->ac_b_ex.fe_logical = EXT4_LBLK_CMASK(sbi, ar->logical);ac->ac_status = AC_STATUS_CONTINUE;ac->ac_sb = sb;ac->ac_inode = ar->inode;ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical = ac->ac_b_ex.fe_logical;ac->ac_o_ex.fe_group = group;ac->ac_o_ex.fe_start = block;ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len = len;//可以看到normalized前ac_g_ex跟ac_o_ex相同ac->ac_g_ex = ac->ac_o_ex;ac->ac_flags = ar->flags;/* we have to define context: we'll work with a file or* locality group. this is a policy, actually */ext4_mb_group_or_file(ac);...return 0;}

首先完成ac_o_ex和 ac_g_ex的赋值工作；然后，ext4_mb_group_or_file函数决定是一个文件到底是小文件和大文件，如概述中描述，ext4针对这两种文件策略不同。

ext4_mb_group_or_file函数


/** We use locality group preallocation for small size file. The size of the* file is determined by the current size or the resulting size after* allocation which ever is larger** One can tune this size via /sys/fs/ext4/<partition>/mb_stream_req*/
static void ext4_mb_group_or_file(struct ext4_allocation_context *ac)
{struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(ac->ac_sb);int bsbits = ac->ac_sb->s_blocksize_bits;loff_t size, isize;if (!(ac->ac_flags & EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA))return;if (unlikely(ac->ac_flags & EXT4_MB_HINT_GOAL_ONLY))return;size = ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical + EXT4_C2B(sbi, ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len);isize = (i_size_read(ac->ac_inode) + ac->ac_sb->s_blocksize - 1)>> bsbits;if ((size == isize) && !ext4_fs_is_busy(sbi) &&!inode_is_open_for_write(ac->ac_inode)) {ac->ac_flags |= EXT4_MB_HINT_NOPREALLOC;return;}//s_mb_group_prealloc是给小文分配的per-cpu local group空间大小，如果<=0//就设置EXT4_MB_STREAM_ALLOC，不适用小文件分配策略if (sbi->s_mb_group_prealloc <= 0) {ac->ac_flags |= EXT4_MB_STREAM_ALLOC;return;}/* don't use group allocation for large files *///s_mb_stream_request值来自于/sys/fs/ext4/xxx/mb_stream_req,文件大小大于了该值//为大文件，否则为小文件size = max(size, isize);if (size > sbi->s_mb_stream_request) {ac->ac_flags |= EXT4_MB_STREAM_ALLOC;return;}BUG_ON(ac->ac_lg != NULL);/** locality group prealloc space are per cpu. The reason for having* per cpu locality group is to reduce the contention between block* request from multiple CPUs.*/ac->ac_lg = raw_cpu_ptr(sbi->s_locality_groups);/* we're going to use group allocation *///如果进行到这里，说明是小文件ac->ac_flags |= EXT4_MB_HINT_GROUP_ALLOC;/* serialize all allocations in the group */mutex_lock(&ac->ac_lg->lg_mutex);
}

ext4_prealloc_space结构体

struct ext4_prealloc_space {//如果是per-inode preallocation挂在ext4_inode_info的i_prealloc_list//如果是per_cpu locality group预分配空间挂在ext4_locality_group的lg_prealloc_list链表上struct list_head	pa_inode_list;//预分配空间同时也会挂在ext4_group_info的bb_prealloc_list链表上，//用于初始化buddy bitmap的之      前给block bitmap置上对应的已使用标记struct list_head	pa_group_list;union {struct list_head pa_tmp_list;struct rcu_head	pa_rcu;} u;spinlock_t		pa_lock;atomic_t		pa_count;//预分配空间是否已删除unsigned		pa_deleted;//起始物理块号ext4_fsblk_t		pa_pstart;	/* phys. block *///起始逻辑块号（相对于文件）ext4_lblk_t		pa_lstart;	/* log. block *///预分配空间长度（单位是block)ext4_grpblk_t		pa_len;		/* len of preallocated chunk *///空间的可用长度ext4_grpblk_t		pa_free;	/* how many blocks are free *///类型，indode or groupunsigned short		pa_type;	/* pa type. inode or group */spinlock_t		*pa_obj_lock;struct inode		*pa_inode;	/* hack, for history only */
};

ext4_locality_group结构体


/** Locality group:*   we try to group all related changes together*   so that writeback can flush/allocate them together as well*   Size of lg_prealloc_list hash is determined by MB_DEFAULT_GROUP_PREALLOC*   (512). We store prealloc space into the hash based on the pa_free blocks*   order value.ie, fls(pa_free)-1;*/
#define PREALLOC_TB_SIZE 10
struct ext4_locality_group {/* for allocator *//* to serialize allocates */struct mutex		lg_mutex;/* list of preallocations */// 挂ext4_prealloc_space的链表，按照预分配空间的可用长度进行分组struct list_head	lg_prealloc_list[PREALLOC_TB_SIZE];spinlock_t		lg_prealloc_lock;
};

ext4_mb_use_preallocated函数

函数判定能否使用preallocation space分配block，优先使用per-inode preallocation预分配空间；如果失败，再判断是否是小文件能使用per-cpu local group preallocation预分配空间；如果任何一个预分配空间分配成功，return true；否者return false代表无法使用预分配空间。


/** search goal blocks in preallocated space*/
static noinline_for_stack bool
ext4_mb_use_preallocated(struct ext4_allocation_context *ac)
{struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(ac->ac_sb);int order, i;struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(ac->ac_inode);struct ext4_locality_group *lg;struct ext4_prealloc_space *pa, *cpa = NULL;ext4_fsblk_t goal_block;/* only data can be preallocated *///linux一切皆文件，只要普通文件才使用预分配，EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA是ext4_ext_map_blocks//中根据如下条件设置    if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) ar.flags = EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA; if (!(ac->ac_flags & EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA))return false;/* first, try per-file preallocation */rcu_read_lock();list_for_each_entry_rcu(pa, &ei->i_prealloc_list, pa_inode_list) {/* all fields in this condition don't change,* so we can skip locking for them *///不在这个预分配空间范围内，跳到下一个预分配空间if (ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical < pa->pa_lstart ||ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical >= (pa->pa_lstart +EXT4_C2B(sbi, pa->pa_len)))continue;/* non-extent files can't have physical blocks past 2^32 */if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(ac->ac_inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)) &&(pa->pa_pstart + EXT4_C2B(sbi, pa->pa_len) >EXT4_MAX_BLOCK_FILE_PHYS))continue;/* found preallocated blocks, use them *///找到了合适的预分配空间spin_lock(&pa->pa_lock);if (pa->pa_deleted == 0 && pa->pa_free) {atomic_inc(&pa->pa_count);ext4_mb_use_inode_pa(ac, pa);spin_unlock(&pa->pa_lock);ac->ac_criteria = 10;rcu_read_unlock();return true;}spin_unlock(&pa->pa_lock);}rcu_read_unlock();//走到这里说明per-inode没有分配成功，需要判定能否是小文件走per-cpu local group分配/* can we use group allocation? */if (!(ac->ac_flags & EXT4_MB_HINT_GROUP_ALLOC))return false;/* inode may have no locality group for some reason */lg = ac->ac_lg;if (lg == NULL)return false;order  = fls(ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len) - 1;if (order > PREALLOC_TB_SIZE - 1)/* The max size of hash table is PREALLOC_TB_SIZE */order = PREALLOC_TB_SIZE - 1;goal_block = ext4_grp_offs_to_block(ac->ac_sb, &ac->ac_g_ex);/** search for the prealloc space that is having* minimal distance from the goal block.*/for (i = order; i < PREALLOC_TB_SIZE; i++) {rcu_read_lock();list_for_each_entry_rcu(pa, &lg->lg_prealloc_list[i],pa_inode_list) {spin_lock(&pa->pa_lock);if (pa->pa_deleted == 0 &&pa->pa_free >= ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len) {cpa = ext4_mb_check_group_pa(goal_block,pa, cpa);}spin_unlock(&pa->pa_lock);}rcu_read_unlock();}if (cpa) {//小文件预分配空间分配成功ext4_mb_use_group_pa(ac, cpa);ac->ac_criteria = 20;return true;}return false;
}