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当MySQL遇到慢查询（慢SQL）时，我们可以通过以下步骤进行排查和优化：

标题开启慢查询日志：

确保MySQL的慢查询日志已经开启。通过查看slow_query_log和slow_query_log_file变量来确认。

如果没有开启，可以在MySQL配置文件（如my.cnf(linux)或my.ini(windows)）中设置这些变量，然后重启MySQL服务。

# 开启慢查询日志
slow_query_log = ON
# 设置慢查询的时间阈值，单位秒，查询耗时超过此值的SQL会被记录
long_query_time = 1
# 设置log位置
slow_query_log_file = D:/ai-softwares/mysql/mysql-8.0.32-winx64/data/DESKTOP-6IQ27F1-slow.log
# （可选）记录那些没有使用索引的查询
log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1

保存，重启后，可以看到：

查询几条数据后，查看慢日志文件内容：

D:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin\mysqld, Version: 8.0.32 (MySQL Community Server - GPL). started with:
TCP Port: 3306, Named Pipe: MySQL
Time                 Id Command    Argument
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:33:16.321295Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.005313  Lock_time: 0.000010 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 100
use atguigudb1;
SET timestamp=1712298796;
select * from course;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:33:39.469804Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.037054  Lock_time: 0.000037 Rows_sent: 25  Rows_examined: 25
use atguigudb;
SET timestamp=1712298819;
select * from countries;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:06.818619Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000289  Lock_time: 0.000004 Rows_sent: 25  Rows_examined: 25
SET timestamp=1712299446;
select * from countries;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:42.748596Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000215  Lock_time: 0.000003 Rows_sent: 25  Rows_examined: 25
SET timestamp=1712299482;
select * from countries;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:52.762931Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.086578  Lock_time: 0.000010 Rows_sent: 19  Rows_examined: 19
SET timestamp=1712299492;
select * from jobs;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:53.632521Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000169  Lock_time: 0.000002 Rows_sent: 19  Rows_examined: 19
SET timestamp=1712299493;
select * from jobs;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:54.245250Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000166  Lock_time: 0.000001 Rows_sent: 19  Rows_examined: 19
SET timestamp=1712299494;
select * from jobs;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:54.966701Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000171  Lock_time: 0.000002 Rows_sent: 19  Rows_examined: 19
SET timestamp=1712299494;
select * from jobs;
# Time: 2024-04-05T06:44:55.613169Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000160  Lock_time: 0.000002 Rows_sent: 19  Rows_examined: 19
SET timestamp=1712299495;
select * from jobs;

分析慢查询日志：

使用mysqldumpslow或其他慢查询日志分析工具来查看和分析慢查询日志中的条目。
查看MySQL安装目录的bin目录下，没有mysqldumpslow.exe文件，有一个mysqldumpslow.pl文件。
在目录该下，cmd运行命令：perl mysqldumpslow.pl --help查看命令帮助。

D:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin>perl mysqldumpslow.pl --help
Usage: mysqldumpslow [ OPTS... ] [ LOGS... ]Parse and summarize the MySQL slow query log. Options are--verbose    verbose--debug      debug--help       write this text to standard output-v           verbose-d           debug-s ORDER     what to sort by (al, at, ar, c, l, r, t), 'at' is defaultal: average lock timear: average rows sentat: average query timec: countl: lock timer: rows sentt: query time-r           reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)-t NUM       just show the top n queries-a           don't abstract all numbers to N and strings to 'S'-n NUM       abstract numbers with at least n digits within names-g PATTERN   grep: only consider stmts that include this string-h HOSTNAME  hostname of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard),default is '*', i.e. match all-i NAME      name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)-l           don't subtract lock time from total time

比如分析时，指定-s c查询次数次数排序，不用-aN隐藏数字,执行下面命令,分析慢查询日志：
perl "D:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin\mysqldumpslow.pl" -s c -a "D:/ai-softwares/mysql/mysql-8.0.32-winx64/data/DESKTOP-6IQ27F1-slow.log"
分析结果如下：

D:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin>perl "D:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin\mysqldumpslow.pl" -s c -a "D:/ai-softwares/mysql/mysql-8.0.32-winx64/data/DESKTOP-6IQ27F1-slow.log"Reading mysql slow query log from D:/ai-softwares/mysql/mysql-8.0.32-winx64/data/DESKTOP-6IQ27F1-slow.log
Count: 5  Time=0.02s (0s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=19.0 (95), root[root]@localhostselect * from jobsCount: 3  Time=0.01s (0s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=25.0 (75), root[root]@localhostselect * from countriesCount: 1  Time=0.00s (0s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=0.0 (0), 0users@0hostsD:\ai-softwares\mysql\mysql-8.0.32-winx64\bin\mysqld, Version: 8.0.32 (MySQL Community Server - GPL). started with:TCP Port: 3306, Named Pipe: MySQL# Time: 2024-04-05T06:33:16.321295Z# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost [::1]  Id:     8# Query_time: 0.005313  Lock_time: 0.000010 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 100use atguigudb1;SET timestamp=1712298796;select * from course

可以看到，日志分析，可以通过命令定制化分析，并且对于每个select，有执行的个数、耗时、锁表的时间、查询的行数、用户与host信息：
Count: 3 Time=0.01s (0s) Lock=0.00s (0s) Rows=25.0 (75), root[root]@localhost
可以知道，相比于慢查询日志，它可以对其进行整合，比如将相同的查询SQL计数为count。

EXPLAIN命令：

对于日志中记录的慢查询，使用EXPLAIN命令来查看查询的执行计划。分析查询是否使用了合适的索引，以及是否存在全表扫描等低效操作。
explain select * from jobs;

可以看到type=ALL，说明是全表扫描，没有进行索引。

优化查询

根据EXPLAIN的输出结果，优化查询语句，比如添加或修改索引。
避免在查询中使用*，而是指定需要的列。
减少JOIN操作的数量或复杂性，特别是在大数据集上。
考虑将计算密集型的操作移到应用层进行。