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浙江网站建设电话,谷歌sem推广,网站制作过程合理的步骤,青岛网络优化代理1、简介 Retrofit 是一种基于 Java 的 RESTful Web Service 客户端库，它可以将网络请求抽象出来并支持多种转换器，可以将 JSON、XML 和其他格式的响应数据自动转换为 Java 对象。Retrofit 通过注解的方式来描述 REST API 调用，使开发人员能够…

1、简介

Retrofit 是一种基于 Java 的 RESTful Web Service 客户端库，它可以将网络请求抽象出来并支持多种转换器，可以将 JSON、XML 和其他格式的响应数据自动转换为 Java 对象。Retrofit 通过注解的方式来描述 REST API 调用，使开发人员能够以极少的代码量和样板代码来实现网络请求，同时具备灵活的自定义功能和强大的扩展性。

Retrofit 的主要特点包括：

直观的注解：通过注解将 REST 操作和 Java 方法联系起来，完全避免了无意义的样板代码。
大量的拓展器支持：转换器、回调适配器、Call 自定义及拦截器等。
可在 Android 和Java 等平台使用：它支持各种 HTTP 方法，包括 GET、POST 和 PUT 等。
高度灵活的配置：可以轻松配置超时、线程池、回退等行为。

Retrofit 是一种方便快捷的 RESTful Web Service 客户端库，它简化了 Android 和 Java 应用程序中的网络请求，并且可以根据需要进行定制化配置，是 Android 和 Java 开发领域最受欢迎的网络请求库之一。

2、入门

下面写一个小例子，接口用的是玩安卓的接口，请求项目的分类。

//1.定义 API，用来描述请求的接口
public interface WanAndroidService {@GET("project/tree/json")Call<CategoryEntity> getCategory();
}
//2.创建 Retrofit
val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder().baseUrl("https://www.wanandroid.com/").addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()).build()//3.创建网络请求实例
val service = retrofit.create(WanAndroidService::class.java)//4.调用网络请求 API，生成 Call，执行请求
val call= service.getCategory()
call.enqueue(object : retrofit2.Callback<CategoryEntity> {override fun onFailure(call: retrofit2.Call<CategoryEntity>, t: Throwable) {}override fun onResponse(call: retrofit2.Call<CategoryEntity>,response: retrofit2.Response<CategoryEntity>) {val result = response.body()Log.d("result", result.toString())}})

由上面代码我们可以看出，Retrofit 使用流程非常简洁，但是本文不是讲 Retrofit 的使用，我们在学习中，不仅要看表象，更要看本质，才能不断进步。

3、源码解析

3.1.Retrofit 的创建

在上面使用代码中，有一个非常重要的关键点，就是 Retrofit 的创建，我们来看 Retrofit 是怎样构建的。

3.1.1. Builder 的创建

//采用建造者模式构建 Retrofit 
val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder().baseUrl("https://www.wanandroid.com/").addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()).build()

接下来我看看看 Builder，Builder 是 Retrofit 一个内部类

public static final class Builder {//平台类型private final Platform platform;//请求工厂，默认为 Okhttpprivate @Nullable okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory;//请求的 url 的地址private @Nullable HttpUrl baseUrl;//数据转换的工厂集合private final List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>();//适配器工厂的集合，默认 ExecutorCallAdapterFactoryprivate final List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>();//回调执行器，把子线程切换成主线程，Android 上的是封装了 handler 的 MainThreadExecutorprivate @Nullable Executor callbackExecutor;//缓存，为 true 会创建 ServiceMethodprivate boolean validateEagerly;}

我们在看看 Builder 默认初始化

public static final class Builder {Builder(Platform platform) {this.platform = platform;}public Builder() {this(Platform.get());}.....  
}
//涉及到 Platform 这个类
class Platform {private static final Platform PLATFORM = findPlatform();static Platform get() {return PLATFORM;}private static Platform findPlatform() {try {//判断是否是 Android 平台Class.forName("android.os.Build");if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT != 0) {//创建一个 Android 类return new Android();}} catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {}return new Platform(true);}//创建默认网络请求适配器工厂List<? extends CallAdapter.Factory> defaultCallAdapterFactories(@Nullable Executor callbackExecutor) {//默认网络适配器  DefaultCallAdapterFactory executorFactory = new DefaultCallAdapterFactory(callbackExecutor);return hasJava8Types? asList(CompletableFutureCallAdapterFactory.INSTANCE, executorFactory): singletonList(executorFactory);}int defaultCallAdapterFactoriesSize() {return hasJava8Types ? 2 : 1;}List<? extends Converter.Factory> defaultConverterFactories() {return hasJava8Types? singletonList(OptionalConverterFactory.INSTANCE): emptyList();}//继承 Platform
static final class Android extends Platform {Android() {super(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24);}@Override public Executor defaultCallbackExecutor() {//切换线程，子线程切换成主线程return new MainThreadExecutor();}// Handler 机制，子线程切换成主线程static class MainThreadExecutor implements Executor {private final Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());@Override public void execute(Runnable r) {handler.post(r);}}}

3.1.2.添加 baseUrl

//Retrofit.java
public Builder baseUrl(String baseUrl) {Objects.requireNonNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");//将字符串转换成 HttpUrlreturn baseUrl(HttpUrl.get(baseUrl));
}public Builder baseUrl(HttpUrl baseUrl) {Objects.requireNonNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");List<String> pathSegments = baseUrl.pathSegments();if (!"".equals(pathSegments.get(pathSegments.size() - 1))) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("baseUrl must end in /: " + baseUrl);}this.baseUrl = baseUrl;return this;}

3.1.3.添加 GsonConverterFactory

//1.GsonConverterFactory 的 createpublic static GsonConverterFactory create() {return create(new Gson());}//2.调用 create
public static GsonConverterFactory create(Gson gson) {if (gson == null) throw new NullPointerException("gson == null");return new GsonConverterFactory(gson);}private final Gson gson;//3.创建含有 Gson 对象的 GsonConverterFactory private GsonConverterFactory(Gson gson) {this.gson = gson;
}
//4.添加 addGsonConverFactory，说白了就是将含有 Gson 对象 GsonConverterFactory 添加到 数据转换工厂 converterFactories 中
public Builder addConverterFactory(Converter.Factory factory) {converterFactories.add(Objects.requireNonNull(factory, "factory == null"));return this;
}

3.1.4.build()

接下来看看 build() 方法里面做了什么。

 public Retrofit build() {if (baseUrl == null) {throw new IllegalStateException("Base URL required.");}okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = this.callFactory;if (callFactory == null) {//默认请求工厂使用 OkHttpClientcallFactory = new OkHttpClient();}Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor;if (callbackExecutor == null) {//回调callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor();}// Make a defensive copy of the adapters and add the default Call adapter.List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.callAdapterFactories);callAdapterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactories(callbackExecutor));//添加默认适配器// Make a defensive copy of the converters.List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>(1 + this.converterFactories.size() + platform.defaultConverterFactoriesSize());// Add the built-in converter factory first. This prevents overriding its behavior but also// ensures correct behavior when using converters that consume all types.converterFactories.add(new BuiltInConverters());converterFactories.addAll(this.converterFactories);converterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultConverterFactories());return new Retrofit(callFactory, baseUrl, unmodifiableList(converterFactories),unmodifiableList(callAdapterFactories), callbackExecutor, validateEagerly);}}

3.2.创建网络请求

接下来分析 retrofit.create(）流程，这里采用外观模式和代理模式。

 public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {//检验是否是接口validateServiceInterface(service);//使用动态代理获取请求接口的所有接口注解配置，并且创建网络请求接口实例return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] { service },new InvocationHandler() {private final Platform platform = Platform.get();private final Object[] emptyArgs = new Object[0];@Override public @Nullable Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method,@Nullable Object[] args) throws Throwable {// If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation.if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) {return method.invoke(this, args);}if (platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {return platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args);}return loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args != null ? args : emptyArgs);}});}private void validateServiceInterface(Class<?> service) {if (!service.isInterface()) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("API declarations must be interfaces.");}Deque<Class<?>> check = new ArrayDeque<>(1);check.add(service);while (!check.isEmpty()) {Class<?> candidate = check.removeFirst();if (candidate.getTypeParameters().length != 0) {StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder("Type parameters are unsupported on ").append(candidate.getName());if (candidate != service) {message.append(" which is an interface of ").append(service.getName());}throw new IllegalArgumentException(message.toString());}Collections.addAll(check, candidate.getInterfaces());}if (validateEagerly) {Platform platform = Platform.get();for (Method method : service.getDeclaredMethods()) {if (!platform.isDefaultMethod(method) && !Modifier.isStatic(method.getModifiers())) {loadServiceMethod(method);}}}}

接下来看 loadServiceMethod

ServiceMethod<?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) {ServiceMethod<?> result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);if (result != null) return result;synchronized (serviceMethodCache) {result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);if (result == null) {result = ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(this, method);serviceMethodCache.put(method, result);}}return result;}abstract class ServiceMethod<T> {static <T> ServiceMethod<T> parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {//解析请求配置的注解RequestFactory requestFactory = RequestFactory.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method);Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();if (Utils.hasUnresolvableType(returnType)) {throw methodError(method,"Method return type must not include a type variable or wildcard: %s", returnType);}if (returnType == void.class) {throw methodError(method, "Service methods cannot return void.");}//通过 HttpServiceMethod 构建的请求方法 return HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method, requestFactory);}abstract @Nullable T invoke(Object[] args);
}

接下来看看 HttpServiceMethod#parseAnnotations

 static <ResponseT, ReturnT> HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method method, RequestFactory requestFactory) {//1.从Retrofit对象中获取对应的网络请求适配器CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter =createCallAdapter(retrofit, method, adapterType, annotations);//2.根据网络请求接口方法的 返回值 和 注解类型 从 Retrofit 对象中获取对应的数据转换器 Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT> responseConverter =createResponseConverter(retrofit, method, responseType);

接下来看 createResponseConverter

 private static <ResponseT, ReturnT> CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> createCallAdapter(Retrofit retrofit, Method method, Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations) {try {//noinspection uncheckedreturn (CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT>) retrofit.callAdapter(returnType, annotations);} catch (RuntimeException e) { // Wide exception range because factories are user code.throw methodError(method, e, "Unable to create call adapter for %s", returnType);}}public CallAdapter<?, ?> nextCallAdapter(@Nullable CallAdapter.Factory skipPast, Type returnType,Annotation[] annotations) {Objects.requireNonNull(returnType, "returnType == null");Objects.requireNonNull(annotations, "annotations == null");int start = callAdapterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;//循环获取合适请求工厂for (int i = start, count = callAdapterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {CallAdapter<?, ?> adapter = callAdapterFactories.get(i).get(returnType, annotations, this);if (adapter != null) {return adapter;}}

接下来看 createResponseConverter

//最终都走到这个方法里面public <T> Converter<ResponseBody, T> nextResponseBodyConverter(@Nullable Converter.Factory skipPast, Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {Objects.requireNonNull(type, "type == null");Objects.requireNonNull(annotations, "annotations == null");int start = converterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;//循环获取合适转换工厂for (int i = start, count = converterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {Converter<ResponseBody, ?> converter =converterFactories.get(i).responseBodyConverter(type, annotations, this);if (converter != null) {//noinspection uncheckedreturn (Converter<ResponseBody, T>) converter;}}
}

最后，执行 HttpServiceMethod#invoke

 @Override final @Nullable ReturnT invoke(Object[] args) {//负责网络请求的 OkHttpCallCall<ResponseT> call = new OkHttpCall<>(requestFactory, args, callFactory, responseConverter);return adapt(call, args);}

3.3.调用网络请求 API，生成 Call，执行请求

val call= service.getCategory()

从上面分析得出这个 service 对象其实是动态代理对象 Proxy.newProxyInstance()，得到的 Call 对象。

3.3.1.异步请求

异步请求调用的是 enqueue

//DefaultCallAdapterFactory.java@Override public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback == null");//使用静态代理 delegate 进行请求delegate.enqueue(new Callback<T>() {@Override public void onResponse(Call<T> call, final Response<T> response) {//线程切换，子线程切换成主线程callbackExecutor.execute(() -> {if (delegate.isCanceled()) {// Emulate OkHttp's behavior of throwing/delivering an IOException on cancellation.callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, new IOException("Canceled"));} else {callback.onResponse(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, response);}});}@Override public void onFailure(Call<T> call, final Throwable t) {callbackExecutor.execute(() -> callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, t));}});}

接下来看看 delegate 中的 enqueue 这个 delegate 实际上是 OkHttpCall

 //OkHttpCall.java@Override public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback == null");okhttp3.Call call;Throwable failure;synchronized (this) {if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");executed = true;call = rawCall;failure = creationFailure;if (call == null && failure == null) {try {//其实就是创建 Okhttp的 Request 对象，调用的是 OkHttp.call。call = rawCall = createRawCall();} catch (Throwable t) {throwIfFatal(t);failure = creationFailure = t;}}}

3.3.2.同步请求

val response = category.execute()

调用的还是是 OkhttpCall

  @Override public Response<T> execute() throws IOException {okhttp3.Call call;synchronized (this) {if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");executed = true;if (creationFailure != null) {if (creationFailure instanceof IOException) {throw (IOException) creationFailure;} else if (creationFailure instanceof RuntimeException) {throw (RuntimeException) creationFailure;} else {throw (Error) creationFailure;}}call = rawCall;if (call == null) {try {call = rawCall = createRawCall();} catch (IOException | RuntimeException | Error e) {throwIfFatal(e); //  Do not assign a fatal error to creationFailure.creationFailure = e;throw e;}}}if (canceled) {call.cancel();}//调用 OkHttpCall 的 execute() 发送网络请求return parseResponse(call.execute());}Response<T> parseResponse(okhttp3.Response rawResponse) throws IOException {ResponseBody rawBody = rawResponse.body();// Remove the body's source (the only stateful object) so we can pass the response along.rawResponse = rawResponse.newBuilder().body(new NoContentResponseBody(rawBody.contentType(), rawBody.contentLength())).build();int code = rawResponse.code();if (code < 200 || code >= 300) {try {// Buffer the entire body to avoid future I/O.ResponseBody bufferedBody = Utils.buffer(rawBody);return Response.error(bufferedBody, rawResponse);} finally {rawBody.close();}}if (code == 204 || code == 205) {rawBody.close();return Response.success(null, rawResponse);}ExceptionCatchingResponseBody catchingBody = new ExceptionCatchingResponseBody(rawBody);try {//将响应体转为Java对象T body = responseConverter.convert(catchingBody);return Response.success(body, rawResponse);} catch (RuntimeException e) {// If the underlying source threw an exception, propagate that rather than indicating it was// a runtime exception.catchingBody.throwIfCaught();throw e;}}

到这里，Retrofit 流程已经非常清晰，用一句话来概括就是，采用动态代理，最终将封装的请求，交给底层的 OkHttp 来处理。

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